Temperament - 721 Words

Temperament: behavioral styles that are fairly stable across situations and are biologically based Infant Temperament Thomas and Chess: Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas conducted pioneering longitudinal research on infant temperament. 3 patterns (based on parents reports) * easy babies (40%) adjust readily to new experiences, quickly established routines, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm * difficult babies (10%) adjust to new experiences, likely to reac negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and irregular in their bodily functions * slow-to-warm-up (15%) somewhat difficult at first but easier over time ***other infants don’t fit into these categories*** * Temperament is moderately†¦show more content†¦The infant also displays stranger anxiety and uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration. * Avoidant attachment * Insecure attachment in which the infant shows little separation anxiety and does not pay much attention to the caregiver’s return. * Ambivalent (resistant) attachment: * Insecure attachment in which the infant shows separation protest but also distress upon the caregiver’s return. * Disorganized/disoriented attachment: * Infant-caregiver relations characterized by the infant’s fear of the caregiver, confused facial expressions, and a combination of avoidant and ambivalent attachmentShow MoreRelatedTemperament Style7042 Words   |  29 PagesThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter ® II Classic Temperament Report Report prepared for: CFM 3046 Tuesday, August 07, 2012 Keirsey Temperament Sorter-II Classic Temperament Report Copyright  © 2000-2010 Keirsey.com. All rights reserved. This report is based on Please Understand Me II by David W. Keirsey, PhD Copyright  © 1998 Prometheus Nemesis Book Company The Keirsey Temperament Sorter II Copyright 1998 Prometheus Nemesis Book Company. Keirsey Temperament Sorter, Guardian, Artisan, Idealist, andRead MoreThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter II1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter-II is an instrument to determine an individual’s personality traits. Each of us has different personalities. Those personalities that we acquired through our parents, guardians or that we learned ourselves. To understand another individual, we have to understand ourselves first. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter-II provides a better understanding for each temperament or characteristic of a person and how an individual interacts with other personality types. HavingRead MoreThe Four Temperaments Of The Keirsey Sorter1862 Words   |  8 PagesDescribe the four temperaments of the Keirsey Sorter The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is a self-assessed questionnaire that is intended to help people understand the personality of others and themselves. Embracing the ideas of ancient Greeks, Keirsey developed the Temperament Sorter. He was intrigued by the work Kretschmer and Sheldon in the late 1940s, which comprised of the study of the human physique and criminality (Kretschmer, 1970). Finally, Keirsey was introduced to the Myers-BriggsRead MoreKeirsey Temperament Sorter ( Kts )1166 Words   |  5 PagesKeirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is the best tool to use to describe an individual’s personality. According to Keirsey Temperament Website (n.d.), KTS is the most widely, useful tool to determine a dominant personality type based on the individual’s answers on a standardized questionnaire. The KTS is based on temperament theory of Dr. David Keirsey that has been translated into 18 different languages and currently being used by over 40 million people from all over the world (Keirsey Temperament WebsiteRead MoreBased on the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, my type of temperament was ISFJ. According to Kendra600 Words   |  3 PagesBased on the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, my type of temperament was ISFJ. According to Kendra Cherry this letters stand for introverted, sensing, feeling, and judging (n.d, para.1). Keirsey.com puts this four letters together and defines it as The Protectors which would be one of the 16 personality types. The protectors make about ten percent of the population and their â€Å"primary interest is in the safety and security of those they care about - their family, their circle of friends, their studentsRead MoreSpirt Controlled Temperament By Tim Lahaye Gets More In1323 Words   |  6 PagesControlled Temperament by Tim LaHaye gets more in to detail about your weakest temperament and your strongest temperament. There is twelve chapters all describing our temperaments. We all have a temperament, simple as that. We most likely get our temperament traits from our grandparents. Which is kind of scary for me, because my grandparents are crazy on both sides. But, through the grace of God our temperaments can change, and for me that is a true blessing. There are four temperaments types; sanguineRead MoreSex and Temperament1456 Words   |  6 PagesAnthropologist Margaret Mead addressed the differences in temperament found between men and women in her book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935). In this study she concluded that sex has no bearing on social traits and the temperament of an individual. Her research lo oked at whether masculine or feminine traits are innate or learned. She also questioned whether men and women differ because of nature (heredity) or nurture (socialization). She concludes that cultural conditioningRead MoreDiscipline that Encourages Moral Behavior Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesspanking is more effective because it teaches your child that you have fairly exhausted all other attempts at helping them to see their behavior is unacceptable. An important consideration when deciding on what type of discipline to use is a childs temperament. If a child lashes out with anger and aggression you are going to want to refrain from spanking because when you are trying to help teach a child control it is important to note that sometimes they model our behavior. If you spanking your childRead MoreInterpersonal Studies1663 Words   |  7 PagesMitchell (2016) seeks to discover how child-child similarity on temperament and attachment can act as predictors of interaction quality between previously unacquainted children. The purpose of this study was to add to current research and knowledge concerning the friend selection process of young children. This study’s observations increased the understanding of hemophilic selection of peer partners, as well as attachment and temperament research (McElwain et al., 2016). Overall, the study examinedRead MoreEmotional or Behavioral Disorders1715 Words   |  7 Pagesexample, prenatal exposure to recreational drugs can bequeath many types of disability, including EBD. Among the many biological factors that may be conducive to the origins of EBD is brain damage, brain dysfunction, malnutrition, allergies, or temperament. The second question of biological causes for EBD asks, what can be concluded about brain damage or dysfunction and EBD? The answer to this question lies in understanding the functions of the brain. An array of EBDs has been attributed to known

The Mexican War - 848 Words

The Mexican War is frequently viewed as one of the United States greatest contentious wars. The war was fought between 1846 and 1848. Was Manifest Destiny the motivating reason or could it have been something else? The awareness of Manifest Destiny was starting to expend the thoughts of countless Democratic Americans. They wanted for the United States to increase their land to have continental power. It was understood that additional territory would entail the spread of economic achievement. There is a well-defined period of incidents that steered to the outbreak of the war, but there is one key incident, and one inferior act, which openly brought about the declarations of war on both sides of the tension among Mexico and the United States. Most researchers concur that the invasion of the Republic of Texas by the United States in 1845 sets the point for conflicts, but was not essentially the trigger that stirred the hostility among the two countries. There was backing of the war on b oth sides of the hostility, which inclines to cloud the view of one nation being the antagonist over the other. The beginnings of the Mexican-American war can apparently be instantly located back to the westward movement of American settlers and the invasion of Texas in 1936. The Mexican-American war was a disagreement that was brought on by a mixture of groups in the United States. The motives of why these individuals wanted war are exhibited after the outcome of the war. This outcome was aShow MoreRelated The Mexican War Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mexican War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The factors that started the Mexican War lay heavily on American shoulders. Whether if the factors were created by social, political or economical needs, they have all become the center of attention for the question of being a national interest or disgrace. However, the Americans felt that they existed for â€Å"†¦spreading the blessings of peace.† according to Andrew Jackson. There will always be controversy between the two sides of this matter, the Americans who feel that itRead MoreMexican War of Independence3064 Words   |  13 Pages* * * * * * * * * * * The Mexican Wars for Independence: Failed Ambitions * Pablo A. L. Briger * * * * * US and Modern World I * Mr. Segiel * February 15, 2013 * * * September 16 is a day of celebration all through Mexico. Even the president emerges from the royal palace, decorated with a sash to represent Mexico, rings a bell three times just as Miguel Hidalgo did on that same day in 1810 to commemorateRead MoreThe Mexican American War Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States of America has been through many wars, wars concerning many things such as land oil, pride and respect. However, when the United States went to war with Mexico, it was planned over greed. The Mexican- American war was a war provoked by the United States, in efforts to expand the coasts of the country. Mexico was a small under privileged country who had previously to the war had already lost part of their country (Texas). Needless to say this war was cut throat and violent, it was howeverRead MoreMexican Drug War : Mexico1306 Words   |  6 PagesBlomme Honors 1 28 September 2014 Mexico Drug War According to the FBI, there are more than seventy five open cases of Americans that are kidnapped in Mexico. That is just one of the effects caused by what is called The Mexico Drug War. People are oblivious to what the outcome of drugs, in general, can do. Many have disappeared or been killed, firearm trade from the U.S. has gone up, and the supply of drugs in the U.S has increased. The Mexico Drug war started in December of 2006 and is still lingeringRead MoreThe Mexican-American War Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesdisregard for the toll a war can take on human lives. When the Alamo was fought back in February 1836, it was about the independence of Texas from Mexico. In retaliation of the death and destruction of human life, Sam Houston retaliated in April and killed 630 Mexican soldiers and took General Santa Anna prisoner (Tindall Shi, 2010). This was the start of the independence of Texas and the quest for annexation into the United States, which ultimately led to the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. ThisRead MoreEssay on The Mexican-American War1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mexican-American war determined the destiny of the United States of America, it determined whether or not it would become a world power and it established the size of the United States of America. Perhaps the war was inevitable due to the idea of Manifest Destiny - Americans thought they had the divine right to extend their territory. The Mexican-American War started mainly because of the annexation of the Republic of Texas (established in 1836 after breaking away from Mexico). The United StatesRead MoreThe Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences Despite President Felipe Calderon’s good intentions and determination to eliminate the drug cartels in Mexico, the Mexican government has not been able to stop the drug cartel’s operations (smuggling drugs, people and weapons to and from the USA) for many reasons. The drug cartels have proven to be powerful, well connected politically, well trained, well- armed, and manipulation of the masses. Therefore, it has been impossible for the MexicanRead MoreThe American Army in the Mexican War1085 Words   |  5 Pagesrepel invasions. This two level arrangement formed the basis of military establishment during the war. The U.S. army was not prepared for the war. The congress authorized 8613 men and officers for the war but, the actual number was fewer than 5500. Many regimental commanders entered before the War of 1812 but, were too elderly and infirm for an active duty. Looking at the poor state of army during the war, the Congress increased the number of private individual companies to hundred. This turned outRead MoreEssay The Mexican-American War1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican-American War. The Mexican-American war was a process of years of battles between the Mexicans and Americans but I think after this informational paper, you’ll seem to know a little bit more knowledge about it. How it all started, well in the beginning, the Americans and Mexicans both wanted to control Texas, but at the time it was a part of the Mexican territory, well soon enough Americans wanted control over it so badly that they started to travel into Texas’s land. Part of the reasonRead MoreMexican-American Drug War1105 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican drug-trafficking cartels are said to have been established in the 1980s by a man named Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, also known as â€Å"The Godfather†. With the help of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, Miguel started the Guadalajara Cartel, which is one of the first to have thrived from association with the Colombian cocaine trade. The two men who helped Miguel Gallardo establish the cartel were arrested, so Gallardo, the single leader of the cartel â€Å"was smart enough to privatize

Contract Law Making Business Contracts

Question: Describe about the Contract Law for Making Business Contracts. Answer: The law of contract A contract is an agreement which can be enforced as per law. An agreement is formed when there is an offer made by one person (offeror) to another person (offeree) and the offeree accepts the offer made to him without bringing any variations to its terms. But an agreement can be converted into a contract when there is presence of intention of the parties to be in legal relation, the parties to the transaction must be major and the transaction between the parties must have consideration involved in it. (SLD, 2012) So, the basic elements which constitute the promises amid the parties in to a contract are: Offer An offer is the primary ingredient for formulation of a contract. It is made by an offeror to an offeree. It is the intention of an offeror which he communicates to an offeree in order to enter into contract with him. An offer in order to be considered as concluded and complete must be communicated to an offeree (Clarke v Dunraven (1897). In order to be valid an offer must be simple and clear.. Further, an offer can be made to a specific person or to the world at large (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[1893]. When the offers are at world a large then they are open offers and it can be accepted by anybody from the public by acting upon the same. But in case the offer is for a specific person or group of persons then such specific person is only eligible to accept the offer. (Cheshire et al, 2012) Invitation to treat An Invitation to treat is another concept which is many times confused with an offer but rather is different from an offer. In invitation to treat, the person (inviter) does not make any offer rather he invites offers from people upon his invitation. Once an offer is made to him by the prospective offeror then he can either accept or reject the same. If he makes an acceptance of offers then there is a concluded agreement between the parties (Payne v Cave(1789). Invitation normally takes place when there is advertisements, display of goods on shelf with price tag in a showroom, auction etc. (Cheshire et al, 2012) Unilateral and Bilateral offers The offers which are made by an offeror and there is no requirement of any formal acceptance to make a binding contract, then, such kind o offers are unilateral. In unilateral offers the offeree does not make a formal communication of an acceptance, rather, just acts as per the terms of the offer in order to make a binding contract (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[1893]. Whereas, in bilateral offers, there is mutual exchange of offers and acceptance in order to make a binding contract amid the parties. (Nicolas TW, 2016) Acceptance An acceptance is said to occur when an offer is assented by an offeree. An acceptance is one of the main ingredients in forming an agreement. If an offer is not accepted then there cannot be an agreement or a contract. An acceptance must be clear and proper in order to be valid. In order to make a valid acceptance it must move from the offeree. An acceptance by a person to whom no offer is made is no acceptance in law (Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v Astarte Shipping Ltd (1995). Also, an acceptance is valid provided the same is made before the revocation of an offer. An acceptance can be made orally or in written form. An acceptance is said to be complete when it is communicated to an offeror by an offeree. An offeree must follow the mode of acceptance prescribed by the offeror and if no mode is mentioned then a reasonably mode is sufficient to make a binding contract. Further, if an acceptance is made via post then it is complete as soon as an acceptance is made and not otherwise. Also, an acceptance can only be made when the offeree is aware of the offer. If an acceptance is made without knowing he offer then there cannot be a valid acceptance. (Jalil A, 2011) Counter offer Further, if an offeree does not accept the offer and gives his own terms or moulds the terms of an offer prior making an acceptance then the same is termed as a counter offer. Upon making of counter offer, the original offer comes to an end and the counter offer becomes the new offer (Hyde v Wrench (1840). Now it is the new offer which is alive and can only be accepted by the old offeror in order to make a binding contract amid the parties. (Jalil A, 2011) Intention to be in legal relation In order to form a contract, apart from an offer and acceptance, there must be an intention to be in legal relation with each other by the parties. If the intention of the parties to be in legal relation with each other is not present then there cannot be a concluded contract. The intention to be in legal relation is presumed to be there in case of commercial transactions but the same is presumed to be absent in case of social and domestic relations unless the same is disapproved (Merritt v Merritt[1970]. Capacity of parties to contract The parties to a contract must have capacity to enter into a contract with each other i.e. they must be major and must be of sound mind. In case the parties are not capable then there cannot be a valid contract between the parties (Nash v. Inman [1908]. Consideration A Consideration is the value in terms of money or may be in kind which is paid to the offeree against the performance of the offer made by an offeror. It makes the promises enforceable in law. (Cheshire et al, 2012) So, all the above elements is required to make a valid contract. There cannot be a contract without these elements as each and every element is mandatory for the contract to exist. Now, various legal issues are now resolved. i. It is now analysed whether a contract was formed and if yes then who all are the contracting parties. Alan intends to sell his book. In order to do so, he posted an ad on his face book page. It specifies that he is offering his book to all of his friends who are enrolling or are enrolled in Kaplan Higher Education. He is offering his textbook and all of his notes. He offered the book and notes @ $200 and specified that any person whosoever is interested must pay him by 5th Nov 2015. Now, it is submitted that the action of Alan is a kind of invitation to treat as he never intends to make any offers rather he intends to receive offers by 5th Nov 2015. So, an invitation is made by Alan. Also, the invitation is only open to the facebook friends of Alan. Now, Bernard is Alan face book friend. On 2nd Nov 2015, he expressed his desire to buy the book but @ $150. Thus, he made an offer @ 150 to Alan. If Alan confirms the offer of Bernard then a valid contract can be made amid the two. On 3rd Nov, the offer made by Bernard was rejected by Alan. So, there is no confirmation of the offer by Alan and the offer of Bernard now stands revoked. Now, the posting of money by Bernard on 4th Nov is of no significance as the offer made by him to Alan is now stand revoked. So, communication of any acceptance without any offer is no offer at all. Charleen expressed his intention to buy the book and thus made an offer to Alan @ 200. However, Alan consent the offer of Charleen by nodding his head. However, the acceptance made by Alan was without intention as he gave his acceptance without intending to be abiding by the same. So, an acceptance without intention is no acceptance at all. Even the act of Charleen leaving the money on Alan table is of no significance. Damien though is not on the face book page of Alan had sent a message to Alan personally. He expressed his intention to buy the book and offered to make the payment by 4th Nov. He later pay Alan the required money and Alan confirmed that he will pay everything to him by 7th. So, there is a valid offer and acceptance amid the two and Damien and Alan are the two concluding parties. Now, Legal position of Bernard and remedies There is no contract that exists amid Alan and Bernard as Alan has rejected the offer of Bernard and thus here is no concluding contract. So, Bernard cannot take any legal action against Alan. Even if Alan has provided him with only the text book still Bernard cannot take any action. iii. Legal position of Charleen and remedies There is no contractual relationship amid the two because of lack of legal intention. Legal position of Damien and remedies Though no offer was made by Alan to Damien but an offer later made by Damien was accepted by Alan. So, there is a concluded contract amid the two. Alternative Dispute Resolutions Normally, the legal dispute is resolved in courts but the same are costly and time consuming. So in order to have faster resolution of disputes there are other dispute resolutions called Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques. ADR can be done in the following ways. (Statecourts, 2016) Mediation Mediation is the procedure under which a third party (neutral person) tries to resolve the dispute between the parties without going into fault of parties but by guiding them. The main aim of the mediator is to focus on the resolution of the dispute without forcing his views or decision on either party. (Buttler S, 2016) Benefits In mediation the parties who are in dispute decide the result at the end. It saves the time which would have been taken in long litigation. The cost involved is also quite less. The parties can understand each others point of view. It can help in saving the relation between the parties who are in dispute and lead to future working and good relation among them. The parties do not approach court which in turn does not dent their reputation in market due to legal cases. Drawbacks In case the mediator is a not a lawyer then there may be issues regarding the language of the final decision of the mediator. A mediator does not provide legal advice. The parties to mediation may try to influence mediator in many ways which may influence his decision. Arbitration In Arbitration, the parties who are in dispute with each other agree over person/persons who is/are third party and neutral to the parties in dispute. The parties in arbitration are accompanied with their lawyers who present their case to the arbitrator and the arbitrator gives his decision upon the material provided before it and as per the merit of the case. The decision of the arbitrator is binding upon the parties. (Findlaw, 2016) Benefits The arbitration is cost effective as compared to litigation. The arbitrations are generally time bound and thus the decision takes much less time as compared to litigation. As both parties decide the arbitrator, so the decision of the arbitrator carries fairness for both the parties and the parties abide by same as they have faith in the person. Finality of arbitrators decision makes it most appropriate system. Simple procedure as compared to courts. The arbitration is not carried in open court so it provides confidentiality to parties. Drawbacks When the decision of the arbitrator is challengeable then the parties may move to court adding cost after arbitration. If parties approach court after arbitration then it is time consuming. Sometimes the fairness issue is there as the companies sometimes hire same arbitrator who favours them in matters referred to them. Location of arbitration can also be suffering for party as it involves more cost and time in order to approach a far destination for arbitration. There is no jury as the arbitrator is himself a judge. The arbitrators decision even if it is incorrect is very hard to appeal. Reference List Articles/Books/Journals Cheshire et al, (2012) Law of Contract. Nicolas TW (2016) The contract Law. Jalil A (2011) Clarification of Rules of Acceptance in Making Business Contracts. Vol. 4, No. 1; March 2011. Case laws Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[1893] Clarke v Dunraven (1897). Hyde v Wrench (1840). Merritt v Merritt[1970]. Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v Astarte Shipping Ltd (1995). Nash v. Inman [1908]. Payne v Cave(1789). Online Material Buttler S (2016) The pros and cons of mediation at:https://gjclaw.blogspot.in/2015/03/the-pros-and-cons-of-mediation.html. Findlaw (2016) https://adr.findlaw.com/arbitration/arbitration-pros-and-cons.html. The Law Teacher (2016) capacity law https://www.lawteacher.net/lecture-notes/contract-law/capacity-lecture.php. SLD (2012) Requisite elements in the formation of a contract https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/requisite-elements-in-the-formation-of-a-contract/. Statecourts (2016) overview of alternative dispute resolution https://www.statecourts.gov.sg/Mediation_ADR/Pages/Overview-of-Alternative-Dispute-Resolution.aspx.

Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard

Karl Marx and Marxism Marxism can be defined as a method social inquiry which looks at economic, socio- economic and socio-political aspects of a society. In its attempt to explain social change, the method relies on the concept of historical materialism, the rise and development of capitalism as a mode of production and the study of opposites (dialectical view).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marxism was founded by two Germany scholars namely Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels from the start of the 19th century to mid-19th century. They rejected the ideas of realism, liberalism but focused on class struggle as the basis of international relations. However, Karl Marx is seen as the most influential in the foundation and development of Marxism, thus the name of Marxism which was derived from his name. Marx was mostly interested in the study of society in terms of what he referred to as class struggle, which he argued was responsible for social change. On his part, Friedrich Engels based his argument on the study of opposites, arguing that social change was as a result of conflicting ideas, which influence the actions of people in the society, the argument being that the idea which is more dominant over the others shapes social change within a given society (Marx 87). Karl Marx sees people as both producers and products of the society in which they live. According to him, society is made up of different parts which influence each other but the economic part has the greatest influence. He argues that the history of human society is the history of tension and conflict. As per the manifesto written by him and Friedrich Engels in 1848, ‘the history of all existing societies is the history of class struggle, that of free men and slaves, lords and serfs who stand in a relationship of an oppressor and oppressed and thus are always in constant oppositions to one another. The conflict between the oppressor and oppressed is sometimes hidden or open war and at the end, they always have a reconstituted society. In the manifesto, Marx stated that ‘you do not have to be poor, nobody was born poor but the conditions that made man poor were created by man himself, and therefore can be changed by man’.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Karl Marx gave more attention to the economy, which he argued formed the base of society while the superstructure which comprises things like culture, religion, social life and media were a reflection of the economic mode of production of the society. Karl Marx presented two class models of society namely the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the capitalists who are few in number and are the owners of capital. They are also rich, powerful, oppressors, ex ploiters and they always win elections in democratic countries. On the other hand, the proletariats are the workers, owners of labor and they are the majority in numbers but are powerless since they are oppressed and exploited by the rich and they always lose in elections in democratic nations. The proletariat can be described as a class in itself in the sense that they share same objectives and relationships to the means of production, that is, they are laborers who are paid in wages. The two classes are always in conflict with each other because their interests are incompatible. While the bourgeoisie have the interests of maintaining the status quo which ensures their dominance, the proletariats are interested in changing the status quo which deprives them of good life. However, the two classes are not aware of the nature of the circumstances which they live in but assume that the situations which they find themselves in are natural and nothing can be done to change them. This is what Karl Marx calls a false class consciousness. The bourgeoisie are not aware that they are the exploiters while the proletariats are not aware that they are exploited or oppressed; they are also not aware that they are poor but assume that they are naturally supposed to be poor. However; when the proletariats become aware of the reality, that is, when they know that they are exploited by the bourgeoisie, what follows is a revolution. Marx argues that the Russian revolution of 1917 was as a result of the realization of the proletariats that they were being oppressed by the bourgeoisie.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Karl Marx, the defining features of social class are the ownership or lack of ownership of the means of production. He argued that those who owned the means of production were able to exploit those who did own them. Ma rx was of the view that both labor and capital were very essential in the stability of the economy. This is because the capital cannot transform itself into wealth without the labor while the labor cannot create wealth without the capital. It therefore follows that both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat must work together, because none can exist independently of the other. What this means is that both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are equal shareholders in the wealth which is created through their interaction. However, this is not always the case. This is because at the end of the production process, the sharing of the profits is not fair since the supply value is more appropriated by the bourgeoisie at the expense of the proletariat, who produces more labor which is not paid for. According to Karl Marx therefore, the levels of profits made by organizations was inversely proportional to the level of exploitation of the proletariat. That is, the more the companies make profit s, the higher the levels of exploitation and vice versa. In other words, what Karl Marx was arguing was that profit was synonymous with surplus value, which is labor that is not paid for. Unfortunately, the proletariats are not aware of this and they even go to the extent of celebrating when they hear that the companies which they work for have made significant increment in the amounts of profits. Karl Marx understood work as alienating. His argument was based on the capitalistic mode of production which has its roots in the industrial revolution of 1600. This mode of production is characterized by two groups of people namely the capitalists and the proletariats. According to Karl Marx, the proletariats own nothing except their labor, which they sale at cheap price to the capitalists. Karl Marx also explained the concept of alienation which simply means the existence of some dividing forces between things which are essentially supposed to be in harmony with each other.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, man created and discovered religion, but the same man subjects himself to uncomfortable religious beliefs or practices like refusing to take medicine due to religious beliefs. In this situation, religion makes man uneasy, yet it is the same man who creates the religion. Marx argued that the ideal purpose of work was to make man happy by enabling him move towards the actualization levels in his life. But due to the capitalistic economy, work is no longer playing its primary function in man, but rather, it is alienating him. According to Marx, man can be alienated in three major ways namely the alienation from the results of labor, alienation from the other workers and alienation of the worker from him or herself. Alienation from the results of labor happens when man works but he does not have a stake in the products of his labor and only gets his wages, which are way below the worth of the products of his labor. This is what Karl Marx calls exploitation, which creates pr ofits in form of surplus. Paradoxically, the surplus is not attributed to the workers but rather to the capitalists. Alienation from other workers takes place when the worker is transformed into a commodity to be used in the competitive capitalist economy. In this situation, the worker is not viewed as a social being but is tied to his or her work, in which he or she is paid as per his or her output. Alienation of the worker from himself takes place when the worker is robbed of his ability or opportunity to enjoy the intrinsic value of work. In the capitalistic economy, personal life is separated from work, meaning that the worker is transformed into a machine. This makes him or her to work for the sake of working, but not as a way of serving humanity or quenching his passion to work in a certain field. Immanuel Wallerstein He writes about post capitalism and agrees that Marx’s description of capitalism was accurate in the 19th century but out-dated in the 20th century. This is because major changes took place in Western Europe and North America which are now post-capitalists. Instead of the two social classes getting polarized as Marx had argued, the opposite has happened. For example, population of skilled workers has grown tremendously; inequalities in income and wealth have been reduced due to changes in social structure and the intervention by the State (Wallerstein 26). Social mobility is now more common and he link between ownership and control have been broken. In the organizational context for example, managers, but not the owners of the business exercise day to day control of the organizations as well as over the means of production. Under these circumstances, Marx’s argument that conflict was based on the concept of ownership of the means of production is therefore not valid today because there is no longer any close association between wealth and power. Wallerstein went ahead to argue that conflict therefore was not about the control over the means of production but over authority, which according to him was a legitimate power attached to a particular social role. For example, a manager or a teacher has a right to make decisions in an organization or classroom regardless of the wishes of the workers or students respectively. In all organizations, there are positions of dominance and subjection, some make decisions legitimately, others do not and this is the basis of conflict in post capitalism society. Those in the subject positions have the interest of changing the social structure that deprives them of authority and those in dominant positions have the interest of maintaining dominant structure in many social situations not just economic ones and so nobody is confined to dominant or subject positions and therefore society presents a picture of plurality of competing dominant and subject positions. Just like Marx, Wallerstein argued that there is a possibility of capitalism being replaced by socialism. Accordin g to him, false class consciousness may come to an end thus triggering revolutions which would eventually bring capitalism to an end. Jean Baudrillard His main ideas were centered on consumerism. He is one of the few scholars who loosely associated themselves with Marxism. One of his main points of departure from Marxism in regard to capitalism is that while Marx saw production as the key force behind capitalism, Baudrillard considered consumption as the key force behind capitalism (Tormey 73). He also differed significantly with Marx in regard to the issue of use-value. While Marx saw needs as genuine and innate, Baudrillard saw them as being constructed by people and therefore, the needs preceded the production of goods. In this sense therefore, consumption was more important than production because the desire to consume certain goods comes before the goods are produced. In his later works, Baudrillard completely rejected the ideas of Marx especially with regard to sign value of c ommodities. His argument was that commodities had a sign value which was one of the determinants of why people preferred certain commodities to others. To him therefore, the cost of a commodity was not as much important as the sign value of the same commodity. On his part, Marx had argued that the cost of production was the key determinant of the value of commodities in the market economy. Works Cited Marx, Karl. Theories of Surplus Value Vols. 1-3, Amherst, N.Y, Prometheus Books, 2000. Print. Tormey, Simon. Anticapitalism: A Beginner’s Guide, Oxford, Oneworld Beginners’Guides, 2004.Print. Wallerstein, Immanuel. Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. Print. This essay on Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard was written and submitted by user Amelia Morin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.